Protonema ( pl . protonemata ) the young bryophyte gametophyte that develops following spore germination . the mature gametophyte plants develop from buds that form at several points along the protonema 原丝体：苔藓植物中直接由孢子萌发形成的结构称为原丝体。原丝体上形成1个或几个芽体，芽体进一步发育为配子体。
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Isolation of protoplasts from different stage of protonema and cauliform revealed that 15 - 17 days protonema was the best material because of the higher protoplasts output . there was less protoplasts when the protonema was over three weeks old ( 4 )通过对原丝体预处理不同时间观察表明酶解前用0 . 02 tween - 80预处理30min能明显提高原生质体的产量。
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Because of the special biological structure of bryology , it was very difficult to transfer foreign gene into the protonema or gametophyte by agrobacterium - mediated transformation . protoplasts as acceptor , using direct dna transfer methods such as microprojectile bombardment and peg - mediated transformation is becoming a good way 由于藓类植物特殊的生物学结构用农杆菌侵染其原丝体或者茎叶体很难实现转化，以原生质体作受体是藓类植物转化的常用途径。
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